Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, Marieb.
Chapter 13: The Respiratory System
Overview of the Respiratory System
Major respiratory organs (See Figure 13.1 in text) Be able to label the following on the figure below: nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm.
Pharynx
3 sections are: _____________________, oropharynx and larygopharynx
Shared by respiratory and _____________ systems.
Trachea
Airway connecting the _____________ with two bronchi that lead into the _________________
Fairly rigid structure because walls are reinforced with C-shaped rings of ________________ cartilage
Epithelium found lining the trachea is called _______________________________________________
What is the function of this epithelium? ________________________________________________
Lungs: Once air is inside the lungs, it moves through finer and finer branching of a “_________________________”. At the tips of each bronchiole are the __________________
The alveoli is where ______________ exchange occurs
The alveoli consist of __________________________ epithelium. Why is this physiologically important? ________________________________________________
Vast networks of _______________ surround each cluster of alveoli. ____________ and ___________________ diffuse through the thin walls of the alveoli and surrounding capillaries
Mechanics of Breathing (P=1/V)
Gases move from an area of _________ pressure to an area of _____________ pressure
Inhalation: air moves from the environment to the _________________. How?
When you inhale, the muscles of the ribcage and ______________ contract, thus expanding the chest cavity and increasing its volume. This increase in volume causes a _____________ in pressure of the chest cavity (compared to the air pressure of the environment) and air moves ________.
Exhalation: air moves from the lungs to the _______________________. How?
When you exhale, the muscles of the ribcage and diaphragm _____________________, causing a ________________ in volume of the chest cavity (volume returns to normal). This _____________ pressure within the chest cavity and air moves ___________.
Remember: Volume changes lead to _______________ changes which lead to the flow of ________________ to equalize pressure.
Blood delivers __________________ and removes __________________.
To review: Pulmonary circulation: carbon dioxide moves from blood to ________________ and oxygen moves from _____________ to _______________. Systemic circulation: oxygen moves from _________________ to tissue and carbon dioxide moves from _______________ to __________________.
Blood carries oxygen via _____________________. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to __________ oxygen molecules.
Blood gas levels help regulate breathing rate
If carbon dioxide increases carbonic acid increases and thus pH ______________.
When pH is lowered our breathing rate increases. Why? ___________________________________
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